[{"TutorialId":"1","AttributeId":"179","SourceName":"Analog Devices","TutorialName":"IP3 and Intermodulation Guide","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/technical-articles\/ip3-and-intermodulation-guide.html","Excerpt":"IP3 is a well-known parameter that gauges linearity in radio frequency (RF) functions and components. This tutorial will use basic math and graphics to explain how IP3 is generated and how its values are linked to essential quantities, such as the input and output powers of a device. It will explain why high IP3 (thus, high linearity) is so important when evaluating high performance.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"2","AttributeId":"179","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Third-order intercept point","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third-order_intercept_point","Excerpt":"One of the useful applications of third-order intercept point is as a rule-of-thumb measure to estimate nonlinear products. When comparing systems or devices for linearity, a higher intercept point is better.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"3","AttributeId":"179","SourceName":"Stack Exchange","TutorialName":"What does the third-order intercept point (IP3) tell me?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/electronics.stackexchange.com\/questions\/42635\/what-does-the-third-order-intercept-point-ip3-tell-me","Excerpt":"IP3 is a figure of Merit for comparing Amplifiers. Higher IP3 values indicate that the amplifier is more linear, and will generate fewer output tones, otherwise known as intermodulation products.\r\n\r\nThe higher the IP3 performance of the receiver, the lower the interfering signal.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"4","AttributeId":"82","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Intermodulation","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermodulation","Excerpt":"Intermodulation is caused by non-linear behaviour of the signal processing (physical equipment or even algorithms) being used.\r\n\r\nPractically all audio equipment has some non-linearity, so it will exhibit some amount of IMD, which however may be low enough to be imperceptible by humans.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"5","AttributeId":"82","SourceName":"ARRL","TutorialName":"Intermodulation","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.arrl.org\/intermodulation","Excerpt":"Intermodulation is a source of interference that arises from the combination of two or more signals at different frequencies in some kind of non-linear system.","Notes":"Intermodulation is a source of interference that arises from the combination of two or more signals at different frequencies in some kind of non-linear system.   For example, you could hear strong interference at 14.0 MHz if there are two strong signals at 86.0 and 100.0 MHz that combine in a rectifying circuit, such as an oxidized fence connection or a gutter."},{"TutorialId":"6","AttributeId":"200","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Intermodulation","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermodulation#:~:text=Intermodulation%20(IM)%20or%20intermodulation%20distortion,time%20variance%20in%20a%20system.","Excerpt":"Intermodulation is also usually undesirable in radio, as it creates unwanted spurious emissions, often in the form of sidebands. For radio transmissions this increases the occupied bandwidth, leading to adjacent channel interference, which can reduce audio clarity or increase spectrum usage.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"7","AttributeId":"82","SourceName":"Electronic Design","TutorialName":"Understanding Intermodulation Distortion Measurements","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.electronicdesign.com\/technologies\/communications\/article\/21798494\/understanding-intermodulation-distortion-measurements","Excerpt":"Intermodulation distortion is an important metric of linearity for a wide range of RF and microwave components. Fundamentally, it describes the ratio (in dB) between the power of fundamental tones and third-order distortion products.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"8","AttributeId":"224","SourceName":"Arrow Electronics","TutorialName":"Real Power vs Apparent Power vs Reactive Power: What is the difference?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.arrow.com\/en\/research-and-events\/articles\/real-vs-reactive-power","Excerpt":"A famous analogy is made with the glass of beer and the froth of the beer. Real power is what you end up drinking. The glass is the apparent power and must be large enough to contain liquid and froth.\r\n\r\nThe ratio between real power and apparent power is known as power factor. Power factor must be as close as possible to one.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"10","AttributeId":"1","SourceName":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)","TutorialName":"IP Ratings","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.iec.ch\/ip-ratings","Excerpt":"Electric and electronic equipment deteriorate or malfunction when water or dust enters the device. The IEC has developed the ingress protection (IP) ratings, which grade the resistance of an enclosure against the intrusion of dust or liquids.The ratings are widely used throughout industry.\r\n\r\nThe IP code is composed of two numerals:\r\n\r\nThe first numeral refers to the protection against solid objects and is rated on a scale from 0 (no protection) to 6 (no ingress of dust).\r\n\r\nThe second numeral rates the enclosure\u2019s protection against liquids and uses a scale from 0 (no protection) to 9 (high-pressure hot water from different angles). ","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"11","AttributeId":"2","SourceName":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)","TutorialName":"IP Ratings","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.iec.ch\/ip-ratings","Excerpt":"Electric and electronic equipment deteriorate or malfunction when water or dust enters the device. The IEC has developed the ingress protection (IP) ratings, which grade the resistance of an enclosure against the intrusion of dust or liquids.The ratings are widely used throughout industry.\r\n\r\nThe IP code is composed of two numerals:\r\n\r\nThe first numeral refers to the protection against solid objects and is rated on a scale from 0 (no protection) to 6 (no ingress of dust).\r\n\r\nThe second numeral rates the enclosure\u2019s protection against liquids and uses a scale from 0 (no protection) to 9 (high-pressure hot water from different angles). ","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"12","AttributeId":"1","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"IP Code","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IP_code","Excerpt":"The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP67 is \"dust resistant\" and can be \"immersed in 1 meter of freshwater for up to 30 minutes\".","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"13","AttributeId":"2","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"IP Code","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IP_code","Excerpt":"The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof. For example, a cellular phone rated at IP67 is \"dust resistant\" and can be \"immersed in 1 meter of freshwater for up to 30 minutes\".","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"14","AttributeId":"50","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Operating Temperature","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_temperature","Excerpt":"An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies based on the device function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating temperature). Outside this range of safe operating temperatures the device may fail.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"15","AttributeId":"209","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Insertion Loss","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insertion_loss","Excerpt":"In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB).","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"16","AttributeId":"184","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Frequency Drift","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frequency_drift","Excerpt":"Frequency stability can be regarded as the absence (or a very low level) of frequency drift.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"17","AttributeId":"184","SourceName":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","TutorialName":"Frequency Stability","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/glossary\/term\/frequency_stability","Excerpt":"Stability does not determine whether the frequency of a signal is right or wrong. It only indicates whether that frequency stays the same.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"18","AttributeId":"262","SourceName":"Herda Electronic Technology Co.","TutorialName":"What is Dual Watch Function","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/herdaradio.com\/blog\/radioknowledge\/dual-watch\/","Excerpt":"The dual watch function lets you monitor two channels at the same time.\r\n\r\nIf you have the dual watch function on your walkie-talkie device, you can preselect which frequencies you want to monitor. The receiver will then scan both channels by switching rapidly between them. It will lock onto a channel when it detects activity.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"19","AttributeId":"262","SourceName":"Ailunce","TutorialName":"The Difference between Dual Standby and Dual Receive on Two Way Radios","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.ailunce.com\/blog\/the-difference-between-dual-standby-and-dual-receive-on-two-way-radios","Excerpt":"In short, dual standby means that two channels can be standby at the same time, but only one signal can receive at one time.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"20","AttributeId":"271","SourceName":"Ailunce","TutorialName":"The Difference between Dual Standby and Dual Receive on Two Way Radios","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.ailunce.com\/blog\/the-difference-between-dual-standby-and-dual-receive-on-two-way-radios","Excerpt":"The main and secondary channels of the two-way radio can receive two signals at the same time. When there is no signal, the two-way radio can wait for two channels at the same time. When the main channel has a signal, the secondary channel can also receive a signal, that is, it can receive at the same time. Two signals, two sounds.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"21","AttributeId":"20","SourceName":"everythingRF","TutorialName":"What is an Antenna Radome?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.everythingrf.com\/community\/what-is-an-antenna-radome","Excerpt":"An Antenna Radome is a structural, protective enclosure that is used to protect an antenna. It is constructed with a material that minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signals transmitted or received by the antenna. Radomes are used to protect the surfaces of antennas from harsh weather and environmental conditions.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"22","AttributeId":"93","SourceName":"Channel Master","TutorialName":"Understanding Antenna Wind Load","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.channelmaster.com\/blogs\/free-tv\/understanding-antenna-wind-load","Excerpt":"...the wind load of an antenna is a combination of how much surface area the antenna has, it's drag coefficient (how easily the wind moves over it), and how much wind is pushing against the antenna.\r\n\r\n The Electronic Industries Alliance and the Uniform Building Code both have different formulas for calculating wind load, which may require detailed measurements and calculations.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"23","AttributeId":"94","SourceName":"Law Insider","TutorialName":"Wind Load Surface Area definition","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.lawinsider.com\/dictionary\/wind-load-surface-area","Excerpt":"Wind Load Surface Area means with respect to each antenna, remote radio unit or other tower mounted equipment, the area in square inches determined by multiplying the two largest dimensions of the length, width and depth of such antenna, remote radio unit or other tower mounted equipment, excluding all mounts and cables.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"24","AttributeId":"302","SourceName":"Icom","TutorialName":"Voting Scan: The Power of Automatic","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/blog.icomamerica.com\/2016\/03\/08\/voting-scan-the-power-of-automatic-2\/","Excerpt":"\"Voting scan automatically finds the strongest signal among the many repeaters along the highway which saves time and makes sure the driver connects to the most effective signal.\"","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"25","AttributeId":"302","SourceName":"King Radios","TutorialName":"Vote Scan Overview","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.kingradios.net\/pdf\/Vote%20Scan%20Overview.pdf","Excerpt":"\"The vote scan feature provides a form of roaming for conventional channels. If a conventional channel is programmed as a vote scan channel, the subscriber radio automatically scans all of the channels in the programmed vote scan list for the best signal.\"","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"26","AttributeId":"296","SourceName":"Motorola Solutions","TutorialName":"What is TETRA?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.motorolasolutions.com\/en_xu\/solutions\/what-is-tetra.html","Excerpt":"\"TETRA, or Terrestrial Trunked Radio is a global Land Mobile Radio (LMR) open standard for digital trunked radio technology. The standard was developed by public safety and two-way radio industry experts together with the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)...\"","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"27","AttributeId":"296","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Digital Private Mobile Radio","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_private_mobile_radio","Excerpt":"dPMR or digital private mobile radio, is a common air interface for digital mobile communications. dPMR is an open, non-proprietary standard that was developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and published under the reference ETSI TS 102 658.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"28","AttributeId":"296","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Positive Train Control","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positive_train_control","Excerpt":"Positive train control (PTC) is a family of automatic train protection systems deployed in the United States.[1] Most of the United States' national rail network mileage has a form of PTC. These systems are generally designed to check that trains are moving safely and to stop them when they are not.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"29","AttributeId":"180","SourceName":"Analog Devices","TutorialName":"What is Image Rejection?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.analog.com\/en\/design-center\/glossary\/image_rejection.html#:~:text=Image%20rejection%20is%20the%20measure,sensitivity%20at%20the%20image%20frequency.","Excerpt":"Image rejection is the measure of a receiver's ability to reject signals at its image frequency. It is normally expressed as the ratio, in dB, of the receiver's sensitivity at the desired frequency versus the sensitivity at the image frequency.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"30","AttributeId":"180","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Image response","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image_response","Excerpt":"When the image rejection ratio is measured, the input signal levels of the desired and image frequencies must be equal for the measurement to be meaningful.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"31","AttributeId":"75","SourceName":"Signal Processing Group, Inc.","TutorialName":"Receiver spurious response rejection","TutorialUrl":"http:\/\/www.signalpro.biz\/wordpress\/receiver-spurious-response-rejection\/","Excerpt":"This is a very interesting specification for which no clear definition seems to exist.\r\n\r\nNevertheless this is a key receiver specification, and needs to be understood and above all, used and specified clearly.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"32","AttributeId":"303","SourceName":"ElectronicsNotes.com","TutorialName":"Reason for using double superheterodyne radio receiver","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.electronics-notes.com\/articles\/radio\/superheterodyne-receiver\/double-triple-dual-multiple-conversion.php","Excerpt":"Although a single conversion superhet radio can work very well, there can be issues, particularly with image rejection.\r\n\r\n...there are two conflicting requirements which cannot be easily satisfied using a single intermediate frequency. The solution is to use a double conversion superheterodyne topology to provide a means of satisfying both requirements. Sometimes even a triple conversion superhet may be used to provide the required performance and flexibility.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"33","AttributeId":"180","SourceName":"University of Kansas","TutorialName":"Image and Third-Order Signal Rejection","TutorialUrl":"http:\/\/www.ittc.ku.edu\/~jstiles\/622\/handouts\/Image%20and%20Third%20Order%20Product%20Rejection.pdf","Excerpt":"We discovered that RF signals at many other frequencies would likewise produce signals at precisely the IF frequency...\u2014a very serious problem that can only be solved by the addition of a preselector filter.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"34","AttributeId":"314","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Companding","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Companding","Excerpt":"In telecommunication and signal processing, companding (occasionally called compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental effects of a channel with limited dynamic range.\r\n\r\nThe dynamic range of a signal is compressed before transmission and is expanded to the original value at the receiver.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"35","AttributeId":"315","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Voice Inversion","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voice_inversion","Excerpt":"There are various forms of voice inversion which offer differing levels of security. Overall, voice inversion scrambling offers little true security as software and even hobbyist kits are available from kit makers for scrambling and descrambling.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"36","AttributeId":"326","SourceName":"US Coast Guard","TutorialName":"Digital Selective Calling","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.navcen.uscg.gov\/digital-selective-calling","Excerpt":"DSC acts like the dial and bell of a telephone, allowing you to \"direct dial\" and \"ring\" other radios, or allow others to \"ring\" you, without having to listen to a speaker.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"37","AttributeId":"326","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Digital Selective Calling","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_selective_calling","Excerpt":"When sending a distress signal, the DSC device will at minimum include the ship's MMSI number. It may also include the coordinates if radio is connected to GPS system and, if necessary, the channel for the following radiotelephony or radiotelex messages.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"38","AttributeId":"326","SourceName":"International Telecommunication Union","TutorialName":"Digital selective-calling system for use in the maritime mobile service","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pubrec\/itu-r\/rec\/m\/R-REC-M.493-15-201901-I!!PDF-E.pdf","Excerpt":"This Recommendation describes the digital selective-calling (DSC) system for use in the maritime mobile\r\nservice covering general purpose and simplified versions of DSC equipment. A description of a generalized\r\nuser interface as well as an automated procedure for the operation of shipborne equipment are also included.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"39","AttributeId":"96","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Bandwidth (signal processing)","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)","Excerpt":"Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"40","AttributeId":"96","SourceName":"Ham Radio School","TutorialName":"FM Bandwidth","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.hamradioschool.com\/post\/fm-bandwidth","Excerpt":"When you push-to-talk and speak into the microphone your FM transmitter emits a range of several thousand hertz of different frequencies and not just that singular frequency value to which you have tuned the transceiver. That displayed frequency value may be considered a reference value called the carrier frequency, and with FM the emitted signals will vary in frequency both higher and lower than that carrier frequency value by several thousand hertz. The full range of the frequencies emitted, as determined by the highest frequency value minus the lowest frequency value, is the bandwidth.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"41","AttributeId":"91","SourceName":"RiVUD","TutorialName":"DC Grounded Antennas [The Myth, The Legend, The Fantasy]","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.rivud.com\/dc-grounded-antennas","Excerpt":"When an antenna is DC grounded, it means it has a direct electrical connection to the ground. This is believed to offer better protection against lightning strikes, allowing the electrical discharge to flow directly into the ground potentially reducing the risk of damage to connected equipment.\r\n\r\nThe claim about lightning protection is somewhat exaggerated. While there can be a direct path to ground for DC, it might not always offer adequate protection against lightning. However, a DC ground can help drain off static to some extent.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"42","AttributeId":"91","SourceName":"IEEE Xplore","TutorialName":"An Experiment Verification: the ESD Protection by DC Grounded Antenna","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9888448","Excerpt":"In practical engineering, we found that the DC grounded antenna can improve electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity. For sensitive devices or circuits related to antenna, ESD protection by antenna design is simpler, more efficient and cost effective than common measures.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"43","AttributeId":"91","SourceName":"CalAmp Corporation","TutorialName":"Lightning Arrestor","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/help.calamp.com\/files\/help\/devicehelp\/desktop\/lightning_arrestor.htm","Excerpt":"A DC grounded antenna will measure 0 ohms from the active element to ground when tested with an ohm-meter.\r\n\r\nThe combination of a DC open antenna and a DC blocked gas discharge tube lightning arrestor creates a situation where static charge can build up slowly on the active element of the antenna.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"44","AttributeId":"89","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Gain (antenna)","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gain_(antenna)","Excerpt":"In a transmitting antenna, the gain describes how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction. In a receiving antenna, the gain describes how well the antenna converts radio waves arriving from a specified direction into electrical power.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"45","AttributeId":"89","SourceName":"LoRaAntenna","TutorialName":"Antenna Gain Explanation","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.loraantenna.com\/antenna-gain-explanation\/","Excerpt":"Gain is calculated by comparing the measured power transmitted or received by the antenna in a specific direction to the power transmitted or received by a hypothetical ideal antenna in the same situation.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"46","AttributeId":"86","SourceName":"Abracon","TutorialName":"Antenna Impedance Matching Simplified","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/abracon.com\/uploads\/resources\/Abracon-White-Paper-Antenna-Impedance-Matching.pdf","Excerpt":"Matching the input impedance of the antenna to 50 \u2126 is a requisite to ensure that the maximum power is transferred from the RF circuity to the antenna with negligible amount being reflected back.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"47","AttributeId":"86","SourceName":"ElectronicsNotes","TutorialName":"Antenna Feed Impedance","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.electronics-notes.com\/articles\/antennas-propagation\/antenna-theory\/feed-impedance-matching.php","Excerpt":"The feed impedance of the antenna results from a number of factors including the size and shape of the RF antenna, the frequency of operation and its environment.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"48","AttributeId":"339","SourceName":"GOS World","TutorialName":"What Exactly Is GPS NMEA Data?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.gpsworld.com\/what-exactly-is-gps-nmea-data\/","Excerpt":"...there are quite a few \u201cNMEA\u201d messages, not just one. So, just like there are all kinds of GPS receivers with different capabilities, there are many different types of NMEA messages with different capabilities. Furthermore, NMEA data can be transmitted via different types of communications interfaces such as RS-232, USB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, UHF, and many others.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"49","AttributeId":"339","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"NMEA 2000","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NMEA_2000","Excerpt":"Electrically, NMEA 2000 is compatible with the Controller Area Network (\"CAN Bus\") used on road vehicles and fuel engines. The higher-level protocol format is based on SAE J1939, with specific messages for the marine environment.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"50","AttributeId":"339","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"NMEA 0183","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NMEA_0183","Excerpt":"The electrical standard that is used is EIA-422, also known as RS-422, although most hardware with NMEA-0183 outputs are also able to drive a single EIA-232 port.\r\n\r\nThe NMEA 0183 standard uses a simple ASCII, serial communications protocol that defines how data are transmitted in a \"sentence\" from one \"talker\" to multiple \"listeners\" at a time.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"51","AttributeId":"339","SourceName":"KUS","TutorialName":"A Quick Guide to NMEA 2000","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/kus-usa.com\/resources\/a-quick-guide-to-nmea-2000\/","Excerpt":"NMEA 2000 is a plug-and-play communications standard used for connecting marine instrumentation within vessels. The plug-and-play interface allows devices made by different manufacturers to communicate with each other within the same network without causing interference between devices.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"52","AttributeId":"345","SourceName":"intertek","TutorialName":"Telecommunication Certification Body (TCB)","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.intertek.com\/communications-equipment\/tcb\/","Excerpt":"A Telecommunication Certification Body (TCB) is a designated organization authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States to issue certifications for certain types of telecommunications equipment.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"53","AttributeId":"286","SourceName":"Midian Electronics","TutorialName":"ANI Systems Guide","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.ameradio.com\/doc\/Midian_ANI_series_guide.pdf","Excerpt":"ANI (automatic Number Identification) is also known as PTT ID because an ID is transmitted when the PTT button of teh radio is pressed or released.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"54","AttributeId":"14","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"MDC-1200","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MDC-1200","Excerpt":null,"Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"55","AttributeId":"14","SourceName":"Wikipedia","TutorialName":"Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF)","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling","Excerpt":"Multi-frequency signaling (MF) is a group of signaling methods that use a mixture of two pure tone (pure sine wave) sounds","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"56","AttributeId":"14","SourceName":"Genave","TutorialName":"Two-Tone Paging","TutorialUrl":"http:\/\/genave.com\/two-tone-paging\/","Excerpt":"Many public safety pagers and control systems use audio tones to activate. The most common type are two tones that are sent in sequence. Hence it\u2019s names, Two-Tone Paging or Two-Tone Sequential.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"57","AttributeId":"14","SourceName":"ICOM","TutorialName":"What is 5-Tone Signaling?","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/icomuk.co.uk\/What-is-5-Tone-Signaling\/4054\/681\/","Excerpt":"Although it is dubbed as 5-Tone, this signaling protocol consists of a fast data burst of one (1) to seven (7) frequency tones that can selectively signal a radio.","Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"58","AttributeId":"392","SourceName":"Digital Mobile Radio Association","TutorialName":"The DMR Standards","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.dmrassociation.org\/dmr-standards.html","Excerpt":null,"Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"60","AttributeId":"74","SourceName":"Reddit","TutorialName":"Measuring Spurious Emissions","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/amateurradio\/comments\/161gvnk\/oc_discussion_starting_to_measure_spurious\/","Excerpt":null,"Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"61","AttributeId":"74","SourceName":"FCC","TutorialName":"97.307 Emission Standards for Amateur Transmitters","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/CFR-2011-title47-vol5\/pdf\/CFR-2011-title47-vol5-sec97-307.pdf","Excerpt":null,"Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"62","AttributeId":"458","SourceName":"Industrial Networking Solutions","TutorialName":"Antenna Patterns and Their Meaning","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.industrialnetworking.com\/pdf\/Antenna-Patterns.pdf","Excerpt":null,"Notes":null},{"TutorialId":"63","AttributeId":"459","SourceName":"TutorialsPoint","TutorialName":"Antenna Theory - Beam Width","TutorialUrl":"https:\/\/www.tutorialspoint.com\/antenna_theory\/antenna_theory_beam_width.htm","Excerpt":"According to the standard definition, \u201cThe angular separation, in which the magnitude of the radiation pattern decreases by 50% (or -3dB) from the peak of the main beam, is the Half Power Beam Width.\u201d","Notes":null}]